Professor Adebayo Onajole, a specialist in Community Medicine and Public Health at the University of Lagos and the Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Idi-Araba, discusses the management and prevention of the deadly diphtheria disease with LARA ADEJORO. Diphtheria is a bacterial infection that spreads from person to person through airborne droplets. It is most commonly seen in children under five years of age. Many individuals develop immunity either from having a mild case of the infection or through vaccination. Historically, diphtheria cases have been low due to childhood immunization programs, which include vaccines for diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus, along with two additional vaccines, totaling five. These vaccines are administered at six weeks, 10 weeks, and 14 weeks of age, providing lifelong protection in most cases. However, a resurgence of diphtheria may occur due to low immunization coverage, ineffective vaccinations, or issues related to vaccine storage.
Diphtheria primarily spreads through airborne droplets, and several factors can accelerate its transmission, including overcrowding, high temperatures, and dry seasons. The proximity between a carrier and a potential victim can also play a significant role; if the wave velocity of droplets is high, they can travel further than usual. High temperatures facilitate bacterial replication, increasing the likelihood of infection. Symptoms typically resemble those of upper respiratory tract infections, such as sneezing, coughing, and difficulty breathing. While fever may occur, it is not a common symptom of diphtheria. Signs of the disease generally manifest between five and 14 days after exposure, although some individuals may show symptoms sooner.
Diphtheria can be a severe and contagious disease, potentially leading to death, particularly when it causes respiratory distress due to the bacteria affecting the lining of the respiratory tract. The severity of the infection largely depends on the individual’s immunity, exposure level, and the promptness of treatment. Although reinfection is possible, it is rare, as childhood immunization typically provides lifelong protection. However, factors such as reduced immunity can increase the risk of reinfection. Identifying diphtheria can be challenging, as its symptoms overlap with other respiratory infections. Therefore, maintaining good air hygiene and avoiding crowded environments are crucial preventive measures. Individuals exhibiting symptoms should seek medical attention promptly, especially if they experience respiratory distress.
Effective management of diphtheria involves early diagnosis and treatment, which often includes a microscopic culture and sensitivity test. High suspicion of the disease can significantly reduce morbidity and mortality rates. Victims should consult their primary healthcare provider as soon as possible. Vaccination is part of routine childhood immunization to protect against outbreaks, particularly in epidemic-prone areas. In light of recent cases in Lagos, Kano, Osun, and Yobe states, avoiding overcrowded environments is more effective than restricting movement. Implementing proper surveillance and notifying healthcare workers in affected areas can enhance management efforts.
Regarding revaccination, there may be a need for rapid surveys to confirm immunization status, especially in areas with diagnosed cases. Adults may require revaccination if an epidemic is suspected in their vicinity. To curb the spread of diphtheria, Nigerians and relevant government agencies must focus on increased surveillance, early management with appropriate respiratory support and antibiotics, and improving air hygiene practices. While Nigeria faces challenges in managing this outbreak, effective management is possible with the right attitude from the public, healthcare providers, and government officials. The Nigeria Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) has been issuing alerts about the situation, and monitoring neighboring countries for cases is essential to prevent further spread.
Comments are closed for this story.